how did alexander graham bell invent the telephone

He was the inventor of the hydrofoil boat, a man-carrying kite, the aileron, a moveable part of an airplane wing that helps control rolling, and the landing/take-off airplane tricycle gear. Although Edison had invented the phonograph in 1877, he soon turned his attention to other technologies, especially electric power and lighting, and his machine, which recorded and reproduced sound on a rotating cylinder wrapped in tinfoil, remained an unreliable and cumbersome device. He spent the rest of his life with Mabel and their family in Canada, working on a series of varied projects including flight, sheep breeding, developing a vacuum jacket to aid artificial breathing, and the founding of the National Geographic magazine. Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, Trouve. In June he demonstrated his telephone to the judges of the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, a test witnessed by Brazils Emperor Pedro II and the celebrated Scottish physicist Sir William Thomson. [34] These initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance. With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897, leaving several issues undecided on the merits. Replica of gallows frame telephone (1937)National Museums Scotland. Phone listing (1848-1849)National Museums Scotland. [177] The paper is a compilation of data on the hereditary aspects of deafness. In 1863, Bell was . On 14 February 1876, sensing the danger of rival developments for this valuable invention, Bells future father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, filed a patent application for Improvements in Telegraphy. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes", and two for selenium cells. [181], Bell's interest and research on heredity attracted the interest of Charles Davenport, a Harvard professor and head of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Henry replied that Bell had "the germ of a great invention". In 1865 the family moved to London. [80] When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. Score: 4.1/5 (16 votes) . November 3, 2017 at 2:42 p.m. EDT. Alexander Graham Bell was the first to secure a patent for the telephone, but only just. [130] Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft. Bell also kept a proud eye on the progress of his invention. (1870's)National Museums Scotland. Prior to perfecting the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell invented and demonstrated the harmonic telegraph at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, held in Philadelphia's Fairmount Park. When did Alexander Graham Bell invent the telephone? Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. In addition, Bell's grandfather, father and brother all shared an interest in speech and elocution. Best of Philly. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. [184] Bell had also been affected by pernicious anemia. He is best remembered as the inventor of the telephone (1876). Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. The telegraph was already in widespread commercial use, and Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention was still just a great idea. This test was said by many sources to be the "world's first long-distance call". In the bedroom, his assistant Watson waited with a reed receiver pressed against his ear. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. The family settled in Brantford, Ontario, but in April 1871 Alexander moved to Boston, where he taught at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax. Tel. His misunderstanding ultimately led to his discovery of how speech could be transmitted electrically. Bell patented his telephone first and later emerged the victor in a legal dispute with Gray. In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk. This kind of intellectual curiosity foreshadowed Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention in 1876, among many others. Birth date: September 4, 1848. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and Beinn Bhreagh, where they spent increasing amounts of time. Although his invention rendered him independently wealthy, he sold off most of his stock holdings in the company early and did not profit as much as he might have had he retained his shares. Bell continued to work with his invention after he formed Bell Telephone Co on July 9, 1877. | Start ASL", "Eugenics and Deaf People in 20th Century America", "Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson", "Underrated entrepreneur: Thomas Edison's overlooked business story", "Alexander Graham Bell Lab notebook pp. He also later remarked: "I thought that Helmholtz had done it and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. How The Telephone Was Invented by Alex Alex Graham Bell's Early Life It all started when Alex was 15 years old and he saw a "speaking automaton" machine that was "disappointingly crude" so Alex's father challenged him and his brother to build a better machine, which they did. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":[191]. Alexander Graham Bell ( / re.m /, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) [4] was a Scottish-born [N 1] inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. Bell sought to use this property to develop the photophone, an invention he regarded as at least equal to his telephone. Encouraged by his father, young Bell attempted to make working models of ears and vocal cords, aiming to create a mechanical speech device. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A. G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Bell's principle rival, Elisha Gray, also presented an invention at this . In 1871, Bell invented a "harmonic telegraph," for which he received a patent. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Birth City: Chelsea. Bell made life easier by inventing the telephone so we can communicate from far away. Two years later, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at Boston University. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site. James A. Garfield in July 1881, Bell teamed up with professor Simon Newcomb of the U.S. Nautical Almanac Office to develop an electrical bullet probe. That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. [59] Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a far-reaching decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound. There he also devoted himself to improving the phonograph. Until Now", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Graham_Bell&oldid=1138226265, Marian Hubbard Bell (18801962) who was referred to as "Daisy". Through study and experimentation, Bell hypothesised that if sound waves could be converted into a fluctuating electric current, then that current could then be reconverted into sound waves identical to the original at the other end of the circuit. His father had also experienced a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland. These early experiments in speech creation, along with his knowledge of anatomy, informed his own experiments on transmitting speech, which he began in earnest from 1873. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy, who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army. The story of the telephone begins with Alexander Graham Bell's terrier. My colleagues in the Government join with me in expressing to you our sense of the world's loss in the death of your distinguished husband. Illustration of Bell's equipment used (1877)National Museums Scotland. It took 18 years and over 550 court cases, but Alexander Graham Bell won every battle. He and his assistant, Charles Tainter, developed a device they called the "photophone," which transmitted sound on a beam of light. This type of model was used to teach anatomy students the complexities of human vocal physiognomy. He realized it would be possible to convey the human voice across a wire. Hello didn't become "hi" until the telephone arrived. A wealthy lawyer and politician, Hubbard was supporting Bells experiments financially but would not let him marry his daughter, Mabel, until he had perfected his invention! In September 1885 the Bell family vacationed in Nova Scotia, Canada, and immediately fell in love with the climate and landscape. [128][N 17]. [55] Once the family was settled in, both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech. Father of Prof. A. G. Bell Developed Sign Language for Mutes", "Before Inventing The Telephone, Alexander Graham Bell Tried To Teach His Dog To Talk", "Charles Sumner Tainter and the Graphophone", "Image 1 of Pamphlet by Alexander Graham Bell, 1898", "Alexander Graham Bell and His Role in Oral Education", "Alexander Graham Bell - Helpful or Harmful? His father, Alexander Melville Bell, inspired him greatly and often set him to task with innovative challenges. Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector through the use of an induction balance, after the shooting of U.S. President James A. Garfield in 1881. The group formed the Volta Graphophone Company to produce their invention. In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Tainter developed a device they called the "photophone," which transmitted sound on a beam of light. Bell's success came through his experiments in sound and the furthering of his family's interest in assisting the deaf with communication. [citation needed]. The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. National Association of the Deaf (United States), Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf, Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype, Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, Second International Congress of Eugenics, Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes, Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, "On the Production and Reproduction of Sound by Light", "Prizes for the Inventor: Some of the Problems Awaiting Solution", Bell Homestead National Historic Site of Canada, manual versus oral education for deaf children, "Particle Physics Resurrects Alexander Graham Bell's Voice", "Dr. Bell's Appreciation of the Telephone Service", "Alexander M. Bell Dead. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone during the industrial revolution in 1876 at the age of 29. Throughout his life, Bell sought to foster the advance of scientific knowledge. Alexander began to promote the telephone and improve on the telegraph. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Of Alexander Graham Bell's 19th century invention of the telephone, Thomas Edison said it "annihilated time and space and brought the human family in closer touch." It is true that having the ability to hear the voices of loved ones over great distances changed how the American people . The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The following year, Bell bought 50 acres of land near the village of Baddeck on Cape Breton Island and began constructing an estate he called Beinn Bhreagh, Scots Gaelic for Beautiful Mountain. The Scottish-born inventor had been an American citizen since 1882, but the Canadian estate became the familys summer retreat and later permanent home. [19], As a child, Bell displayed a curiosity about his world; he gathered botanical specimens and ran experiments at an early age. Meucci was born in Florence, Italy, and began testing early telephone models there. Alexander Graham Bell was the first to secure a patent for the telephone, but only just. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. These so-called harmonic telegraphs used reeds or tuning forks that responded to specific acoustic frequencies. In 1903 his son-in-law, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, became editor in chief of the National Geographic Magazine, and Bell encouraged Grosvenor to make the magazine a more popular publication through more photographs and fewer scholarly articles. In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London,[40] Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. It is most likely that both Bell and Gray independently devised their telephone designs as an outgrowth of their work on harmonic telegraphy. Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. When Bell was just a teenager, he and his brother invented a speaking machine that could mimic the voice of a baby saying mama. They studied their fathers anatomy books and recreated the elements of a human mouth and vocal cords. At age 11 he entered the Royal High School at Edinburgh, but he did not enjoy the compulsory curriculum, and he left school at age 15 without graduating. He wanted to use this to help teach deaf people, who had never heard spoken words, to speak. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive, and other magnetic media. On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (18571923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a skilled inventor and businessman, and he played a major role in the development of the telecommunications . In Bells luggage was his new communication device, the telephone. Bell's patent was approved and officially registered on March 7, and three days later the famous call is said to have been made when Bell's summons to his assistant ("Mr Watson, come here. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born American inventor and scientist. He was an enthusiastic boater, and Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. Known as the father of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell's invention historically changed how people communicated. Then in 1887 they sold their patents to the American Graphophone Company, which later evolved into the Columbia Phonograph Company. The transmitter comprised three partsa drumlike device (a cylinder with a covered end), a needle, and a battery. [95], Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. In the 1830s he moved to Cuba and, while working on methods to treat illnesses with electric shocks, found that sounds could travel by electrical impulses through copper wire. Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him. On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 700 feet (213m) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.[153][154][155][156]. Over the course of more than 30 years, Bell sought to produce a breed of sheep with multiple nipples that would bear twins. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved,[N 15] Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hope of establishing his invention's priority. Hubbard's financial support to the research efforts fell far short of the funds needed, necessitating Bell to continue teaching while conducting his experiments. [29][failed verification], His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. In 1876, Watson plucked a spring in one room, and the sound came through on a receiver in the other. They worked well in the laboratory but proved unreliable in service. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. They can be seen (Z) in the patent drawing. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. In 1906, Davenport, who was also the founder of the American Breeder's Association, approached Bell about joining a new committee on eugenics chaired by David Starr Jordan. His mother and his wife were both deaf, and he was devoted to the cause of helping the deaf community. [33]" Indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a "talking dog". [21] Bell was also deeply affected by his mother's gradual deafness (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12), and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlour. A replica of liquid transmitter telephone (1870's)National Museums Scotland. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation. What did Alexander Graham Bell invent other than the telephone? He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884 and served as its president from 1891 to 1892. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Bell considered himself more of a teacher of the deaf than an inventor, but he is best known for inventing the telephone, which he considered an intrusion on his work as a scientist. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Bell typically signed his name in full on his correspondence. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. When he was just 12, the young Alexander invented a device with rotating paddles and nail brushes that could quickly remove husks from wheat grain to help improve a farming process. The third test on August 10, 1876, was made via the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, eight miles (thirteen kilometres) distant. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head. A number of historic sites and other marks commemorate Bell in North America and Europe, including the first telephone companies in the United States and Canada. Some hardships that Alexander Graham Bell faced were he had two brothers that died of tuberculosis. Glad did I live and gladly die A copy of a draft of the patent application is shown, described as "probably the most valuable patent ever.". Two sons who died in infancy (Edward in 1881 and Robert in 1883). And while Bell was responsible for radically. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and 10 per session. [209][210] Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. One of the judges at the Exhibition, Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, described the telephone as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph". On the evening of March 10, 1876, Watson heard Alecs voice emanating from the receiver in the next room, Mr. Bell's research indicated that a hereditary tendency toward deafness, as indicated by the possession of deaf relatives, was an important element in determining the production of deaf offspring. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. This revelation became the genesis for Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention. Bell used the prize money to set up his Volta Laboratory, an institution devoted to studying deafness and improving the lives of the deaf, in Washington, D.C. Starting in 1891, inspired by the research of American scientist Samuel Pierpont Langley, he experimented with wing shapes and propeller blade designs. [N 22][N 23] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). Did you know that Bells amazing invention--the telephone--stemmed from his work on teaching the deaf? How did Alexander Graham Bells telephone work? Likewise, hashtags derive a kind of new road map of ideas and subjects, just like those early telegraph wires upon which the inventor of the telephone placed his first calls. Phon. But Thomas Alva Edison coined the greeting. In 1907 Bell founded the Aerial Experiment Association, which made significant progress in aircraft design and control and contributed to the career of pioneer aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss. [147][N 19] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. Watson, come here, I want to see you!. Corrections? You likely already know that Alexander Graham Bells telephone invention changed the world. [126][N 16], The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. [21] Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he revelled in mimicry and "voice tricks" akin to ventriloquism that continually entertained family guests during their occasional visits.

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