yamnaya culture religionsection 962 election statement template
While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside ofIndo-European mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. My Reasoned Speculations on the Early Migrations of Paganism 13,000 to 3,000 years ago, Cultural Transfer. Yamnaya people were pastoralists who relied on herding sheep, goats, and cattle. Rationalist, Writer, Artist, Poet, Philosopher, Advocate, Activist, Psychology, and Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Historian. Axiological Atheist,Anti-theist,Anti-religionist,Secular Humanist,Rationalist, Writer, Artist,Jeweler,Poet, autodidact Philosopher, schooled in Psychology, and autodidact Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Pre-Historian (Knowledgeable in the range of: 1 million to 5,000/4,000 years ago). Here, we report genome-wide data from 19Upper Paleolithic to Early Bronze Age individuals from this Siberian region. speakers of Proto-Indo-European. Strongly agro-pastoralist economy (wheat, barley, millet). ref, The Sredny Stog culture seems to have had contact with the agricultural Cucuteni-Trypillian culturein the west, centered on modern-dayMoldova,and was a contemporary of theKhvalynsk culturein the north-east, located in the middleVolga region. Around 5,000 years ago there are the full elements seem to be grouping together with its connected set of Dogmatic-Propaganda-Closure belief strains of sacralized superstitionism that took different forms of behavior in different areas of the world. Yamnaya people may have been the first to domesticate cows, which allowed them to produce large quantities of milk. After preliminary contamination tests, a sample of 96 individuals from the Late Stone Age was examined. This allowed for the genomes to be sequenced. He transforms himself into an animal and talks with ghosts, the dead, the deities, and the ancestors. Although the family is traditionally presented as divided intoSinitic(i.e. Who Destroyed the Great Library of Alexandria? Photograph by istock and altered by Jennifer Carling/Harvard Magazine. Then from 5,000-4,000 years ago moralistic deities are invented likely by or for the state. This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Europe. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? "Veda" - means knowledge even in modern . The gods would be treated as members of the family and invited to join in meals, or be givenofferings of foodanddrink.ref. 4,000-year-Old Dolmens in Israel: A Connected Dolmen Religious Phenomenon? The Kets are thought to be the only survivors of an ancientnomadicpeople believed to have originally inhabited central and southernSiberia. Strikingly, they seem to be structured into three distinct west-east genetic clines running between different western and eastern Eurasian groups, instead of being evenly spaced in PC space. This paper takes the Boston Chinese Catholics as a case study, and it adopts an ethnographic research methodology to explore the ways in which the sense of belonging develops in the Church community, based on the analysis of food culture in this . The book comes out in July,but you can pre-order it here. In the Early and Middle Bronze Age (4th3rd millennia BCE), advanced pastoral cultures emerged in the Circumpontic Metallurgical Province. A successive potential proxy is the Babyno culture (22001700 BCE), whose similarities to the Epi-Corded Ware of the Carpathian region suggest an East-Central European origin. ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref. The Yamnaya are most significant because of their dramatic expansion across Eurasia in only a few generations moving westward to Hungary and eastward to Mongolia, said University of Helsinki archaeologist and co-author Volker Heyd. Prehistoric Egypt 40,000 years ago to The First Dynasty 5,150 years ago. We know that the Indo-Europeans sacrificed both animals and people, like many other cultures. A group of international researchers on Friday said they believe to have compelling evidence that ancient Europeans were riding horses 5,000 years ago. Yamnaya diets relied less on dairy than their later Indo-European descendants, though they still consumed milk products. Genetic studies have also indicated that these populations derived large parts of their ancestry from the steppes. ref, According to Pavel Dolukhanov (1996) the emergence of the Pit-Grave culture represents a social development of various local Bronze Age cultures, representing an expression of social stratification and the emergence of chiefdom-type nomadic social structures, which in turn intensified inter-group contacts between essentially heterogeneous social groups. ref, According to Mallory (1999), The origin of the Yamnaya culture is still a topic of debate, with proposals for its origins pointing to both Khvalynsk and Sredny Stog. Tibetan BuddhismhasYidamas a tutelary deity. People of the neighboring, were even more powerfully built than the Sredny Stog and, In the earlier horizon of Mikhailovka site, impressions of emmer wheat, hulled barley, and, We used three recently active transposons (, ) as genome-wide markers and succeeded in demonstrating geographical structures of the foxtail millet. Animism: an approximately 100,000-year-old belief system? systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Changes were initiated including unambiguous evidence of horse riding (prehistoric cavalry) and the introduction of metal weapons such as shafthole axes and spearheads. The evidence for this comes from linguistic paleontology: in particular, certain words to do with the technology of wheeled vehicles are arguably present across all the branches of the Indo-European family; and archaeology tells us that wheeled vehicles arose no earlier than this date. These childlike religious stories should not even be taken seriously, but sadly too often they are. It seems ancient peoples had to survived amazing threats in a dangerous universe (by superstition perceived as good and evil), and human immorality or imperfection of the soul which was thought to affect the still living, leading to ancestor worship. Some linguists have argued that Korean, Japanese, and Ainu are language isolates, as they only vaguely resemble other Altaic languages. This is because of the types of graves that they left behind. In contrast, East Asia has so far received little attention, despite representing a core region at which the Neolithic transition took place independently ~3 millennia after its onset in the Near East. The overall scarcity of shared cereal (cultivation and processing) vocabulary at this stage strongly contradicts a deeply agricultural language community and thus disqualifies the Anatolia Hypothesis as it was initially formulated. . Using An eye-opening new study appearing in the journal Current Biology delves into the extensive interactions between different ethnic groups that shaped the genomes of contemporary Europeans. The Bug-Dniester culture had ceramics about 6200 BCE and began to adopt animal domestication & agriculture from Cri people. ref, ref, A northern group of pioneers formed the Cri/Krs Culture and occupied northern Balkans and Carpathians 5800-5300 BCE. The House Spirits had a multitude of other names which it is needless here to enumerate, but all of which are more or less expressive of their friendly relations with man. Quite possibly, segments of the core Indo-European speech community moved west before they moved east, including those groups that ultimately introduced Tocharian and Indo-Iranian to Asia. Its pretty obvious that these people, or individuals and groups related to them, moved. Rational thinkers must examine the facts instead of blindly following beliefs or faith. For instance, Ancient Near Eastern andTurkicKipchaqmyths are prone to associate dogs with healing and generally categorized dogs as impure. , transplanted more than 800 miles from their homeland on the steppe to the Pannonian Basin in central Europe. It extends 8 thousand kilometers west to east (from the Black Sea to the Yellow Sea), spanning an area of 8 million sq. With respect to Y-DNA haplogroup, three carried G2a2b2a3, two G2a2a1a, one G2a2a1, G2a2a1a3, C1a, I2a1a2a-L161.1, I2a2a1, and I2c, while mtDNA haplogroup, two J1c2, K1a2, T2b and one H, H15a1, H40, J1c5, K1a1b1, K1b1. 5800 BCE, the crops spread discontinuously across eastern Asia. , who defended theories of animistic origins of ancestor worship, . In the late 3rd millennium BCE, military-oriented stockbreeding societies emerged in Eastern Central Asia (Sayan-Altai and Mongolia). This has no evidence and it sounds like a pure speculation. These findings, as well as an analysis of the females isotopes, indicate that Late Neolithic society was probably patrilocal, according to Nature Communications . Top image: Top view of the Dolmen of Oberbipp in Switzerland, one of the largest burial sites in the study, where Neolithic remains were studied, revealing clues to the Yamnaya Cultures migration to Europe. In Ugaritic the plural form meaning gods isilhm, equivalent to Hebrewelhmpowers. Which seems to be a simple point some are just not grasping how devastating to any claims of truth when we can see the lie clearly in the archeological sites. It is unclear what caused the Yamnaya culture to collapse. Before me no god was formed, nor will there be one after me. It was detected in 14 people (out of 3667 people tested), all in a restricted geographical range from. This fact also tells us that the stream of movement went in both directions. The resulting picture is one that is far less problematic to the Steppe Hypothesis than has been previously suggested. Neanderthals Primal Religion (Pre-Animism/Animism? TheKet languagehas been linked to theNa-Den languagesof North America in theDenYeniseianlanguage family. Among these tools, many are related to agricultural activities: querns, grinders, pestles, and stone disks, let to believe that this community was a permanent settlement based on primitive hoe agriculture. ref, Moreover, it appeared that millet was widely consumed in the Yamnaya populations. Genetic research has revolutionized our understanding of Switzerlands prehistoric past. R1a1a1b1a [R1a1a1a*] (R-Z282*) occurs in northern Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia at a frequency of c. 20%. Sacred Mounds, Mountains, Kurgans, and Pyramids may hold deep connections? Admixture rates varied geographically; in the late Neolithic, WHG ancestry in farmers in Hungary was at around 10%, in Germany around 25%, and in Iberia as high as 50%. One people that was particularly important in the spread of both early Bronze-Age technologies and genetics were the Yamnaya. and Gobekli Tepe, by paganism I mean a grouped set of behaviors that I believe resemble the concept of paganism-type beliefs. The findings outlined on Wednesday document a shared genetic ancestry for the hundreds of millions of people who speak what the researchers callTranseurasian languagesacross an area stretching more than 5,000 miles (8,000km).ref, Millet was an important early crop as hunter-gatherers transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle. I wrote a book! This parallels the practice of theCucuteni-Trypillia culture, and is in contrast with the laterYamnaya culture, which practicedtumuliburials. This little island of grassland in the middle of Europe became their new home. There are other theories still, such as the Anatolian hypothesis and Out-of-India theory, but none of them have the amount of convincing evidence that the Kurgan hypothesis and it's revisions have. Milk was an important source of nutrition for Yamnaya people, providing them with essential fats and proteins. In Scotland this same Brownie is well known. With a package of technologies including the horse and the wheel,. The beginnings of the steppe belt cultures coincide with the Copper Age (5th millennium BCE) and the activation of the Carpatho-Balkan Metallurgical Province. In Zoroastrianism, two four-eyed dogs guard the bridge to the afterlife calledChinvat Bridge. The Yamnaya culture was a nomadic culture. These survived Christianisation asfairy-like creatures existing in folklore, such as the Anglo-ScottishBrownieand SlavicDomovoy.ref, Household deities were usually worshipped not in temples but in the home, where they would be represented by smallidols(such as theteraphimof theBible, often translated as household gods in Genesis 31:19 for example),amulets,paintings,or reliefs. A Yamnaya skeleton from a grave in the Russian steppe, which was the homeland of men who migrated to Europe. This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The Yamnaya were nomadic pastoralists who originally lived on the steppes of Eurasia before moving west. Indo-European language Trees fit an Agricultural expansion from Anatolia beginning 8,000 9,500 years ago. Artifacts, genes, and even a reconstructed language - Proto-Indo-European - all seem to match up. Latin is not very old language in relation to Sanskrit. It carries a great deal of baggage in the present, and that baggage weighs down our understanding of migration in the distant past as well. Summarizing, the scarce archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence generally suggest that the gathering and processing of plants might have been a component in the subsistence strategies of the ancient North-Pontic people; however, offering a reliable conclusion about this matter is challenging. ref, TheMikhaylovka culture,Lower Mykhaylivka culture(36003000 BCE)is aCopper Agearchaeological culture which flourished on thePontic steppefrom 3600 to 3000 BCE. ref, Myths: The bible inspired religion is not just one religion or one myth but a grouping of several religions and myths. For Tocharian, it may be necessary to assume an indirect dispersal as well in view of the late spread of agriculture to the eastern steppe. This gave them a significant advantage over their rivals. N1c is also prominent among the Uralic-speaking ethnicities of the Volga-Ural region, including the Udmurts (67%), Komi (51%), Mari (50%), and Mordvins (20%), but also among their Turkic neighbors like the Chuvashs (28%), Volga Tatars (21%) and Bashkirs (17%), as well as the Nogais (9%) of southern Russia. For example,James Matisoffproposes a split around 6000 years BP, with Chinese-speakers settling along the Yellow River and other groups migrating south down theYangtze,Mekong,SalweenandBrahmaputrarivers. ref, Recent research indicates a common origin of theSino-Tibetan languageswith theCishan, Yangshao and/or theMajiayao cultures. In these groups, several aspects of the Yamnaya culture are present. The Yamnaya culture was instrumental in the rise of the Indo-Europeans. N1c represents the western extent of haplogroup N, which is found all over the Far East (China, Korea, Japan), Mongolia, and Siberia, especially among Uralic speakers of northern Siberia. Myths attempt to explain the unknown and sometimes teach a lesson.ref, SomeEthnologistsandanthropologistswho study origin myths say that in the modern context theologians try to discern humanitys meaning fromrevealed truthsand scientists investigatecosmologywith the tools ofempiricismandrationality, but creation myths define human reality in very different terms. Milk was an important source of nutrition for Yamnaya people. Owing to the historical distance of Yamnaya culture, and reliance on archaeological findings, debate continues as to its origin. The teams innovative Bayesian phylogeographic analysis of Indo-European linguistic and spatial data, including basic vocabulary data from 103 ancient and contemporary Indo-European languages, decisively supports this theory. TheCapitoline TriadofJuno,Jupiter, andMinervawere also tutelaries of Rome. In its three largest cemeteries, Alexandria (39 individuals), Igren (17) and Dereivka (14), evidence ofburialin flat graves (ground level pits) has been found. That family includes English, Latin and its descendants, Russian, Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian, and dozens of others, spoken by billions of people around the world today. 13,000-12,000 years ago Culture Leading to New Oppression changed everything and it was not always this way. At the same time as the rise of the male god, 7,000 years ago, there was also the very time there was the rise of violence, war, and clans to kingdoms, then empires, then states. Inanna in Mesopotamian Religion and Culture: Reinforcer of Heteronormativity, or Legitimizer of non-Heteronormativity: . In that A team of researchers led by the Swedish Uppsala University geneticist Mattias Jakobsson have fully sequenced the genome of a woman who lived in Europe at least 35,000 years ago. Autosomal DNAbecame more easily accessible in the 2000s, and since the mid-2010s, results of previously unattainable resolution, many of them based on full-genome analysis of ancient DNA, have been published at an accelerated pace.ref, Research Shows Indo-European Languages Originated in Turkey (2012), The Indo-European languages belong to one of the widest spread language families of the world. The steppe_MLBA gene pool was largely descended from the preceding steppe_EMBA gene pool, with a substantial contribution from Late Neolithic Europeans. traced to an Earth Mother complementary to the Sky Father inProto-Indo-European religion. Some individuals are believed to have carried a mutation to the KITLG gene associated with blond hair, as several individuals with Steppe ancestry are later found to carry this mutation. In Philippineanimism,DiwataorLambanaare deities or spirits that inhabit sacred places like mountains and mounds and serve as guardians. Its also infinitely more meaningful, and gives us a great deal more insight into the past than simply pointing at the data and hollering, Migration!. I heard people say, Slav Ukraine but who are the Slavs? So, I guess the question is to us all, to ask, how can power not carry responsibility in a humanity concept? I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. Read the original scholarly article about this research inPLOS ONE. The Yamnaya culture was the first to domesticate horses on a large scale. The more prosperous houses might have a smallshrineto the household god(s); thelarariumserved this purpose in the case of the Romans. Again just to clarify when I refer to seeming paganism thinking or behaviors (emphasize reverence for nature, polytheistic and animistic, totemistic, and shamanist religious practices). Exceptional individuals, highly cultivated sages, and prominent ancestors can be deified and honored after death. The period around 2000 BCE was marked by two migration waves moving in opposite directions. And many believe the religious Jewish texts were completed around 2,500)ref,ref, Judaism is around 3,450 or 3,250 years old. To solve this mystery a multinational team of researchers from world-famous universities, such as the University of Tbingen, the University of Bern, and the Max Planck Institute, collaborated on a project to sequence the genome of a sample of Neolithic individuals. Milk was so important to Yamnaya culture that it is thought to have played a role in the rise of the Yamnaya. The results suggest that the Yamnaya emerged through mixing between EHG and WHG males, and EEF and CHG females. This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry.ref, Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal UstKyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP were mixture of 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.ref, Lake Baikal Holocene Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while rest of their ancestry was derived from East Asians. Creation by the splitting or ordering of a primordial unity such as the cracking of a. Originator deity which is awakened or an eternal entity within the abyss. The Yamnaya survived. In the context of the modifiedKurgan hypothesisofMarija Gimbutas, this pre-kurgan archaeological culture could represent theUrheimat(homeland) of theProto-Indo-European language. One theory is that the Yamnaya were displaced by the Indo-Europeans, who came from the east and settled in the steppes. Charles Longwrites: The beings referred to in the myth gods, animals, plants are forms of power grasped existentially. These results were then cross-referenced with 399 published ancient genomes from the same period from Central and Western Europe as well as Neolithic individuals from Anatolia and the Pontic steppe, the researchers wrote in Nature Communications . Place and time [ edit] All of that seems to match the Yamnaya both on the steppe and in their new home in the Hungarian Plain. WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu . In Sredny Stog culture, the deceased were laid to rest on their backs with the legs flexed. *primal stage of organized religion is 13,000 years ago. Sanskrit is the language used in Vedas (Indian ancient texts/ some 4000 y.o. Isaiah 43:10 You are my witnesses, declares the LORD, and my servant whom I have chosen, so that you may know and believe me and understand that I am he. (2013). Artifacts, genes, and even a reconstructed language - Proto-Indo-European - all seem to match up. Migration is again growing popular as a cause of historical change. developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Among other comparisons, possibly from Uralic mythological analogies, the mythologies ofOb-UgricpeoplesandSamoyedic peoplesare mentioned. In a model in which the split between the European and Asian branches is assumed to be primary, we must admit at least *h2erh3 plow, *h2erh3ur/n (arable) field, *peis grind (grain), *sesh1io a cereal, *h2edo(s) a (parched?) For the oldest stratum, Indo-Anatolian, the lexical evidence for cereal use is relatively modest, but not zero: we must at least admit the cereal term *(H)ieu(H) and perhaps *h(e)rsd-. The term paganism, used by me and some others who are academics, roughly refers to pre-Christian, socioreligious-cultural-based traditions which were polytheistic (worshiped multiple entities), and to me, I speculate also involve elements of Animism, Totemism, and shamanism; which together with polytheism are what I call paganism. Different cultures have employed forms of astrology since at least the 2nd millennium BCE, these practices having originated incalendricalsystems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. The results in fact also contradict the revised form of the hypothesis, which entailed a scenario in which core Indo-European was introduced to the Pontic-Caspian steppe by an outmigration from an agrarian homeland in Anatolia. ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref,ref, Low Gods Earth or Tutelary deity and High Gods Sky or Supreme deity, AnEarth goddessis a deification of theEarth. Each letter in Old Slavonic alphabet has a number and meaning which is a code basically. Another form of personal tutelary spirit is thefamiliar spiritof European folklore.ref, Atutelary(alsotutelar) inKorean shamanism,jangseungandsotdaewere placed at the edge of villages to frighten off demons. Epipalaeolithic Near East 20,000 to 9,000 years ago and the Emergence of Advanced Culture as well as New Religion? These foraged plants would have supplemented the diet, and indicate that the residents of atalhyk possessed knowledge of the tubers seasonal cycles. A 2022 study concludes that Yamnaya ancestry can be modelled as a mixture of an as yet unsampled admixed EHG/CHG population with a second source from the south Caucasus, and rejects Khvalynsk Eneolithic as a source population for the Yamnaya cluster. The Yamnaya were able to domesticate horses earlier than any other culture in Eurasia. In Mesopotamia, the goddessNintinugga, associated with healing, was accompanied or symbolized by dogs. Religion myths which are nothing more than childlike stories and obsolete tales once used to explain how the world works, acting like magic was needed when it was always only nature. I create the world I want to live in, striving for flourishing. Five Yamnaya, two later-era, and possibly two earlier-era individuals qualify as "highly probable riders." "The rather high prevalence of these traits in the skeleton record, especially with respect to the overall limited completeness, show that these people were horse riding regularly," Trautmann says. There are some obvious gender associations in artifacts and possible gender-involved religious beliefs but thoughtful feminist archaeologists do not pounce on every representation of a woman and pronounce that it is a goddess. [1] The Proto-Indo-European homeland is often linked to one or more of these cultures. An overview map summarises the origin theories. ref, Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c.4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis. km. Humans on Horseback. Yamanaya people were pastoralists who relied on herding sheep, goats, and cattle. ), A symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as understood in a particular tradition and community. 67005650 BCE) site of atalhyk in Turkey, dates from four pottery sherds also matched the sites known chronology. ref, ref, The first evidence of domestication in the western Eurasia the productive revolution is dated around the 6th millennium BCE; sheep, goats, and cattle bones together with domesticated grains of wheat, barley, and millet, were found in several sites of the Bug-Dniester cultures. They often are consideredsacredaccounts and can be found in nearly all knownreligious traditions. Research into the genetic history of Europe became possible in the second half of the 20th century, but did not yield results with a high resolution before the 1990s. The culture is characterized by the remains of animal sacrifice, which occur over most of the sites. So far, integrated comparative analyses of words and tools for textile production are completely lacking for the Northeast Asian Neolithic and Bronze Age. Show two:Pre-animism 300,000 years old and animism 100,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism, Show tree:Totemism 50,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism, Show four:Shamanism 30,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism, Show five:Paganism 12,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism. Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through paleolithic interactions with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers.ref, The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) split from the ancestors ofEuropean peoplessomewhere in theMiddle EastorSouth-central Asia, and used a northern dispersal route throughCentral AsiaintoNorthern AsiaandSiberia. [T]he existence of that worship does not admit of doubt. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. The stockbreeding societies of the steppes often played a key role in Eurasian history., Paganism 5,000 years old: progressed organized religion and the state: related to Anarchism and Socialism (Kings and the Rise of the State), . is the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody the. Creation myths develop inoral traditionsand therefore typically have multiple versions; found throughout humanculture, they are the most common form of myth.ref. Because of their immediacy they had arguably more influence on the day-to-day affairs of men than the remote gods did. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Millet Spreading from China 7,022 years ago to Europe and related Language may have Spread with it leading to Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Indo-European (PIE), ancestor of Indo-European languages: DNA, Society, Language, and Mythology, The DnieperDonets culture and Asian varieties of Millet from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 7,022 years ago, The Mytheme of Ancient North Eurasian Sacred-Dog belief and similar motifs are found in Indo-European, Native American, and Siberian comparative mythology, Elite Power Accumulation: Ancient Trade, Tokens, Writing, Wealth, Merchants, and Priest-Kings.